When I review my students’ essays, I often find that their language errors are tolerable, especially considering that many of them don’t have Dutch as their first language. However, what often surprises me is the fragility of their understanding of argumentation theory. This realization prompted me to compile a list of the most significant pitfalls to avoid when crafting arguments for or against a statement.
What is it?
Argumentation theory delves into the analysis and evaluation of arguments and reasoning, assessing their accuracy, persuasiveness, and structure. Here are some crucial errors to be aware of:
Circular Reasoning
This occurs when the argument used to support a point already assumes the truth of that point as a premise.
False Dilemma (False Dichotomy)
Presenting only two extreme options while disregarding other nuanced possibilities forces a false choice.
Ad Hominem
Rather than addressing the argument’s content, this error attacks the person making the argument, aiming to undermine their credibility or character.
Straw Man
A deceptive tactic where a distorted version of the opponent’s argument is presented and then attacked, ignoring the actual points being made.
Misuse of Statistics and Data
Misinterpreting or selectively presenting data can lead to misleading arguments. Accurate and relevant information, correctly interpreted, is crucial.
Incorrect Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Assuming causation between two events without sufficient evidence can result in unfounded arguments. Correlation does not imply causation.
Appeal to Authority
Accepting an argument solely based on the authority or fame of the speaker, without considering its substantive merit.
Hasty Generalization
Drawing broad conclusions from limited or unrepresentative samples.
Non Sequitur (It Does Not Follow)
When the conclusion of an argument does not logically follow from its premises.
Incorrect Analogy
Drawing comparisons between situations that are not adequately similar can lead to weak or misleading arguments.
So…
In conclusion, being mindful of these pitfalls and grasping the fundamentals of argumentation theory can empower you to construct robust and persuasive arguments, enhancing the quality of your reports, essays, and other written work.
